In the Museum of Fine Arts in Ghent, there is a remarkable sculpture by
George George Minne (1866-1941). It is in plaster, nearly 58,7 cm high,
and titled:
The prodigal son' (1896) (click on the link for an enlargeable
reproduction).
The sculpture - in my view one of the best works of Minne, whom I do
notintend to elevate to the same level as the great masters by
comparing his work to theirs - strikes us with the unparalleled
eloquence of that remarkable gesture of reconciliation.
This eloquence is all the more remarkable, since it is not at all
an obvious gesture. As a rule, father and son do not encounter each other naked,
and if they would, the father would not lift the son above the ground -
let alone that he would allow their genitals to meet each other.
Normally, it is only a child that you lift up. And you would not
lift it up vertically - unless you take it under the armpits to have it sit
astride on your lap - but under the shoulders and the upper legs, to lay
it horizontally on your knees, as with that other lost son, who
returned to his mother's womb as the crucified Jesus:
It is only lovers who embrace each other the way father and son do with
Minne, and it is also lovers who prefer to meet each other naked and to
have their loins meet in such a close encounter.
They can do that standing, and, since he is usually bigger, the man
then often lifts the woman up, like the father his son with Minne. His
enthusiasm can be so great, that he would like to lift the woman above
his chest, like with Rodin ('I am beautiful', 1882):
Such gesture reminds us of the twelve apostles who, in many a
portal ofa Gothic cathedral, used to stand on the shoulders of
their forebears, or, better still, of the figure of Saint Christopher who
carries the child on his shoulders, like in Dürers drawing:
The power of the image of Saint Christopher resides in that it lays bare the secret intention of the gesture of sons taking their position on the shoulders of their fathers: that the child will survive the father - carry him to the grave, or, worse still: that the father will succumb under the weight of the son. In that respect, Minne's image is a kind of reversal of the upward movement; the son remains stuck halfway, and acquires something of the corpse that with Michelangelo returns to the womb from which it was born. And that reminds us in its turn of another sculpture of Minne's - 'Mother weeping over her deceased child' (1886) - where it is the mother who clasps her arms around the body of her dead child, in a kind of incestuous reversal of the natural generational relation between parent and child: the mother who, doomed to die, was supposed to pass on life, seems to prematurely have begotten death.
And that sheds a new light on the encounter of
the genitals, which cannot be avoided when a
father holds an adolescent son in that position . It seems that this encounter was
intended as well as avoided.
That there is a problem, is evident from two other sculptures of George Minne's: 'Two
men fighting' (1886),
where the encounter is prevented through a recoiling of the loins, and
'Solidarity' (1898), where the encounter is prevented through their
sideward shift:
Already the opposition between fighting and
solidary men testifies to the concomitant ambivalence. It is only
the solitary - unmirrored - 'Adolescent I (1991) that shows
the forbidden gesture unabashed,
the eloquence of which is only enhanced by the opposite - concealing
- gesture of the arms crossed over the reclining head:
These homo-erotic overtones tend to surreptitiously conjure up,
behind the embrace of father and son, the encounter of peers -
even brothers, if not a same-sex twin.
But these are only overtones. In subterranean regions, more ominous
echoes resound. The opposition between the contrived gesture of the
crossed arms and the protruded penis in 'Adolescent I' finds it
counterpart in the opposition of the tangle of arms around the heads,
which in 'The prodigal son' diverts the attention from the proceedings
of the genitals concealed in the loins.
But, otherwise than in 'Adolescent I', where the gesture of the crossed
arms is strange, but extricable, there is something wrong with the arms
in the 'Prodigal son': it is not clear from whence they come - to whom
they belong. Visitors cannot refrain from approaching the sculpture in
the hope of unravelling the tangle - we are reminded of the riddle of
the legs in da Vinci's 'The Virgin and child and Saint Anna', where it
is mother and daughter who turn out to be rather two sisters mirroring
each other. But nobody will ever be able to untangle the knot - and, if
they succeeded, they would nevertheless never get rid of the impression
that the mystery remains.
The anatomical riddle of the entwined arms covers another one: that of
the reclining head, which, in
'Adolescent I', is the countermovement to the protrusion of the loins,
but which, in 'Mother weeping over her dead child'' (1886), is, as the
counterpart to the falling head of the child, rather a gesture of
despair. If we would turn the body of the son towards the mother, and
have him grown up, we would obtain the composition of the 'Prodigal son'
- so that the sculpture, next to the overtones of embracing brothers or
twins, comes to echo the theme of the pieta, and hence to depict no
so much the lost son as the son regained, as rather the lost son as the
son deceased.
Another reclining head is to be seen in another sculpture - that from
another prodigal son, which Rodin, in 1894, isolated as 'Child of the century'
from 'Fugit
Amor', where Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta, damned forever
because of their illicit love, have their back turned to each other - as opposed to Minne's
father and son. The arms that, with Minne,
come to be entwined with those of the father, are here still cast to the
heavens in wretched despair.
Whereas, with Minne, the head of the son rather resembles that
of the dead child in the pieta, the head of the father resembles that of
the mother who lost her child in that same pieta, and of Rodin's son that lost his father.
That only can enhance the feeling that, behind the theme of the
welcoming of the lost son, looms up a kind of pieta - the weeping over a
son who is lost in the sense of deceased.
The sense of this double-sense becomes apparent as soon as we have the
inversion - or the retrograde - resound against the manifest theme: the
father who, through the departure - the birth - of the now adolescent
son whom he begot was doomed to death, turns out to have gained new life
through his return - his dead. The murderous procession of time - the
child that grows on the shoulders of the giant to eventually crush him
under its weight - seems to be neutralised: the begetter revives and the
begotten dies. The negation of the succession of the generations - big
and small - finds its expression in the already mentioned similarity of
the shape of the bodies: father and son seem to have become brothers -
twins, the I mirrored in itself - from 'Two men fighting'(Cain and
Abel) and 'Solidarity' (lovers). It is apparently the title that made us
think of a father and a son. Behind this verbal hint, the image itself
and its echoes hint rather at eternal juveniles. And that sheds the
right light on the riddle of the tangle: what remains a mystery in the
periphery - what arms belong to whom - unveils its secret in the centre: where normally father and mother - the sexes - ensure the succession of
the generations, the organs that avoided each other in 'Men fighting' and
'Solidarity' find themselves in joyous infertility. The hectic
enthusiasm of the arms at the top of the image reveals in all clarity what is avoided in 'Men
fighting' and 'Solidarity', and what is hidden from view in the centre
of 'The prodigal son', where it nevertheless cannot but impose itself. In that
respect, the 'Prodigal son' is the mirrored duplication of
the self-confident gesture of 'Adolescent
I'...
In my view, it is in this unspoken secret that resides all the magic of
this sculpture.
Whereas Minne in his 'pieta' misses the secret charm of Michelangelo's sculpture - that mother and son are depicted
as man and wife, if not as brother and sister, who only can love each other
when the son, after his crucifixion, has returned to the womb from which
he sprang - he shoots the mark in his 'Prodigal son': the murderous
ambivalence that is inherent in the theme of Saint Christopher - the
little child that eventually crushes the giant - is resolved into
the double negation of generation and sex in the image of the same-sex,
forever juvenile, self-enjoying, infertile and hence unbegotten twin -
the counterpart of Bachofen's
Isis and Osiris, who loved each other already in their mother's womb and
hence are each other's children forever. (See also
Cavafy: Surviving immortality)
How much more subdued - less ecstatic and more unambiguous - is the one
year older version of the prodigal son by Constantin Meunier (1895),
which relates to Minne's version like Minne's 'pieta' to Michelangelo's...
© Stefan Beyst,
June 2012..